Critically evaluate whether Britain constitutes a total surveillance Essay

Critically evaluate whether Britain constitutes a total surveillance society - Essay Example Amongst many countries U.K has invested most money to install high speed surveillance computer and camera to watch out for criminal threats in public. However, surveillance is not so easily accepted by public as they believe it is violating their privacy rights by interfering in their social freedom. It is believed that soon U.K. will be an electronic police state. This paper will focus on covering various aspects of U.K. being a surveillance society in which all details of personal lives are gathered, stored and processed with computer as a data base owned by corporations and government departments (Lyon, 1994). In 2006, Surveillance studies network, a group run by academics compared the surveillance process going on in several western countries and claimed U.K. to be the most surveilled country. The report stated that U.K. does not have any control over its democracy and it cannot give individuals their privacy (Britain is surveillance society , 2006) Since then several issues have risen regarding U.K converting into a surveillance society. In 2009, a report published by House of Lords Constitution Committee,  called Surveillance: Citizens and the State stated that such increased surveillance by private companies and government is an invasion to the nations privacy rights. Nothing has brought such a significant change in lives of British since Second World War. Mass surveillance is like a weapon that can eradicate all borders of privacy. Privacy is important to anybody wishing for freedom. Mass surveillance also threatens to break the constitutional foundations forming the base of democracy of U.K. (BBC, 2006). The surveillance studies network report named Malaysia, China and Britain as the countries with most endemic surveillance. The head of the group Mr. Thomas raised several issues regarding such massive surveillance. He highlighted all the risks involved if this private

Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Professional Development Plan Essay Introduction The Professional Development Plan (PDP) is a structured process made by an individual to reflect on their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan their personal, educational and career development. PDP complies a range of procedures, such as planning, doing, recording, and reflection. (The Higher Education Academy 2012) The objective of this PDP is to help improve existing skills or to develop new ones. In order to do so, a self-assessment, SWOT analysis, SMART and Belbin’s self-perception inventory will be completed, to acknowledge strengths and weaknesses. Section 1: Professional Development Plan For this PDP three distinct goals will be developed. * Individual Goal – Time Management and Personal Organisation * Group Working Goal – Searching databases * Academic Goal – Listen, read and take notes To help set the goals, three goals worksheets were completed and the SMART diagnosis was applied (See Appendix 1 and 2). SMART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable Attainable, Realistic and Time-bound. (Scanlon 2011) Time Management and Personal Organisation This goal was chosen as the individual goal because managing time and being organised was always a struggle, and therefore for several times in numerous occasions the effect was unpleasant. By being able to manage time and being more organised, opportunities will rise to have a more effective performance in personal, academic and professional life. This weakness was noted through the self-assessment comprised by a friend, a colleague and myself (See Appendix 3). This skill was not developed sooner out of pure laziness and lack of motivation. To achieve this goal I will do weekly schedules to see what was done during the week and check if certain activities were accomplished (See Appendix 4). This goal is set to be developed until 11th March 2012. Searching Databases This goal was chosen as the group working goal because searching databases was always a difficult task, either it was for personal, academic or work related purposes. Whenever there are group works, this task is always passed on to other members, which made my ability to improve less feasible. This weakness was noted through the Belbin Test (See Appendix 5). This skill was not developed until now because there was lack of knowledge of databases resources. To achieve this goal I will carry on a research about Miss Universe, looking for information in all resources I can find (See appendix 6). As there were no relevant books on the subject, I had to confine the search to the Internet. This goal is set to be developed until 12th March 2012. Listen, Read and Take Notes This goal was chosen as the academic goal because as English is not my first language, it is sometimes difficult to keep up with lectures and at the same time take notes, as well as it is difficult to read, comprehend in just one go, and take notes. By developing this skill, when preparing for exams, being in lectures, workshops and work meetings, listening, reading and taking notes, will become simple, efficient, quick and easy. This weakness was noted while in class, at home and at work, and later on identified in SWOT analysis and also through the self-assessment comprised by a friend, a colleague and myself (See Appendix 3 and 7). The SWOT analysis is a notably useful tool to identify and analyse opportunities for development and related barriers and challenges. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Being Strengths and Weaknesses internal factors and Opportunities and Threats external factors. (Scanlon 2011) To achieve this goal I will take notes from lectures and from a few pages of one of the recommended books for this unit (See Appendix 8). This goal is set to be developed until 12th March 2012. Section 2: Progress Review Time Management and Personal Organisation For this goal I did weekly sheets to see my development. I did the first weekly sheet in 19th December 2011. As I was not working at the moment my only responsibility was University, and seems like the less responsibility one has, the less he/she does. That is exactly what was happening. I was spending most of my days watching television and/or watching series online, or simply just spending days sleeping. I had my mother and a friend over for Christmas and New Year. With their presence here, I felt like doing even less, because all I wanted was to spend time with them or go out and show them Manchester. So basically all the activities I was always planning to do, I ended up not doing them. I knew I had an exam in early January, and yet I did not study until the week before the exam. I managed to pass the exam with a low pass, 44%, but I know I could have done much better if only I dedicated myself to study longer and in advance. So after this happened I realized it was time for me to stop being lazy and change my attitude towards the use of my time. I started watching less television and less series online. I started reading a novel ‘The Lucky One’, I started getting more worried with the planning of my PDP, I joined the gym and I was more focused in finding a job. For a while it was difficult having so many activities after not having basically none. I started going to the gym more often, like twice or three times a week. I started going to Church also; I did not go in a long time. I was more focused in classroom, and I understood more of the topics in study. I was feeling more motivated, less lazy, and I was managing my time very well. I was more organized with my studies, and personal life. I kept a diary so I would know what I did and what I needed to do. So in the end, I think the development of this goal helped me a lot, it improved my attendance in University, and also my productivity at home. Searching Databases For this goal I did a research on Miss Universe. Their history, how it started, who invented it, what is its purpose, previous contestants, the actual Miss Universe Leila Lopes, that is Miss Angola, from my birth country. I have to admit I chose this as my research topic because of how proud I am of her. She is a beautiful woman, and gave her best and deserved to won. As I was doing the research on the subject, I realized I did not choose the best topic to do a research, because I could only find information on the Internet. There are no relevant books on this subject, and even the news I found, were on online newspapers. But as I did not have more time to think of a new topic, and start doing a new research, because I still had my last goal to develop, I had to keep up with lectures of both units, and look for a job, I just kept this topic. I do not think I had great improvements with this goal, and it was mainly because of my topic of research choice. I could not explore others sources, and that confined me to the Internet, which has a wide range of irrelevant information. So this is one goal I will keep on developing because it is really necessary for the years ahead. Listen, Read and Take Notes For this goal I gathered as evidence all the notes I have from lectures I attended, and notes I made from a few pages of one of the recommended books: ‘Organizational Behaviour’ by Buchanan and Huczynski (2010). It was hard in the beginning because I did not know where to begin. I was trying to be more focus in class, by not having my phone close, and not talking with colleagues unnecessarily. As we only have 2 classes per week, it was hard to develop this skill, so I decided that notes from the lectures alone would not be enough. I started to do notes from the book referred above. And after a while I was feeling more confident, my notes were becoming good. I would write more in the lecture notes, instead of just listening and getting home, and not knowing what were the main points of that topic. I will still keep on developing this skill because it is non-stop, I know I am still far from excellent, but it was good to give it a go, and actually see some changes even though they are little. Goal Setting and S.M.A.R.T goals Specific – What (goal), why (reasons), which (constraints) etc.? Clearly stated outcome you wish to achieve. Measurable – Can progress be assessed? A goal that you can evidence, i.e., demonstrate its achievement in way and can show progress. Attainable – Can the goal be accomplished? The goal should not be too high or low. Goals that are set too high or too low become meaningless. It should stretch you a bit, without being too extreme. Realistic – Is the goal worthwhile? Make sure goal can be achieved within the framework of your life before the submission date, not as you would hope or would like it to be. You have to be willing and able to work on the goal. Time-bound – What is your target completion date? Make sure goal that you set for yourself can be achieved within the timeframe and before the submission deadline of 14 March 2012. You must have start and endpoints.

Winston Churchill :: essays research papers

Winston Churchill SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL, (1874-1965), British leader. English on his father's side, American on his mother's, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill embodied and expressed the double vitality and the national qualities of both peoples. His names testify to the richness of his historic inheritance: Winston, after the Royalist family with whom the Churchills married before the English Civil War; Leonard, after his remarkable grandfather, Leonard Jerome of New York; Spencer, the married name of a daughter of the 1st duke of Marlborough, from whom the family descended; Churchill, the family name of the 1st duke, which his descendents resumed after the Battle of Waterloo. All these strands come together in a career that had no parallel in British history for richness, range, length, and achievement. Churchill took a leading part in laying the foundations of the welfare state in Britain, in preparing the Royal Navy for World War I, and in settling the political boundaries in the Middle East after the war. In WORLD WAR II emerged as the leader of the united British nation and Commonwealth to resist the German domination of Europe, as an inspirer of the resistance among free peoples, and as a prime architect of victory. In this, and in the struggle against communism afterward, he made himself an indispensable link between the British and American peoples, for he foresaw that the best defense for the free world was the coming together of the English-speaking peoples. Profoundly historically minded, he also had prophetic foresight: British-American unity was the message of his last great book, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. His dominant qualities were courage and imagination. Less obvious to the public, but no less important, was his powerful, original, and fertile intellect. He had intense loyalty, marked magnanimity and generosity, and an affectionate nature with a puckish humor. Oratory, in which he ultimately became a master, he learned the hard way, but he was a natural wit. The artistic side of his temperament was displayed in his writings and oratorical style, as well as in his paintings. He was a combination of soldier, writer, artist, and statesman. He was not so good as a mere party politician. Like Julius Caesar, he stands out not only as a great man of action, but as a writer of it too. He had genius; as a man he was charming, gay, ebullient, endearing. As for personal defects, such a man was bound to be a great egoist; if that is a defect. So strong a personality was apt to be overbearing. He was something of a gambler, always too willing to take risks. In his earlier career, people thought him of unbalanced judgment partly from the very excess of

The Importance of Non-conformity and Independent Beliefs in Ralph Waldo

In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s â€Å"Self-Reliance,† Emerson calls for each person in society to be wholly true to themselves. He claims that it is most rewarding to the individual and the society for people to believe in one’s own thoughts and not in the thoughts of others. Emerson believes that conformity will ultimately lead to an individual’s demise because by living for others, people are not being true to themselves. Therefore in order to have a well-formed society, citizens should focus inward and have confidence in their own ideas before beginning to look towards other individuals; moreover, Emerson calls individuals not only in â€Å"Self-Reliance,† but also in numerous essays to act independently from conformity and to live for themselves. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s main theme in â€Å"Self-Reliance† places emphasis on the individual’s ideas and not the ideas of others. Emerson strongly believes that â€Å"imitation is suicide.† To Emerson, if a person possesses an opinion, the person should voice that opinion immediately without doubt. As Emerson states, â€Å"History, and the state of the world at any one time is directly dependent on the intellectual classification then existing in the minds of men. Beware when God lets loose a great thinker on this planet. Then all things are at risk. The very hopes of man, the thoughts of his heart, the religion of nations, the manner and morals of mankind are all at the mercy of a new generalization.† (Dewey 408). He calls for people to have confidence in themselves and to cease living by the world’s universal ideas. He places great importance on the fact that a person should always be true to himself or herself. He believes that if people begin living according to everyone else’s wishes, they will ... .../p41728_index.html> Yannella, Donald. "Chapter 3: Self-Evolving Circle." Ralph Waldo Emerson. Donald Yannella. Boston: Twayne, 1982. Twayne's United States Authors Series 414. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. Works Consulted deTocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. New York: Harper Perennial, 1988. 537. American Political Science Assoc. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. Emerson, Ralph W. "The American Scholar." Vol. 7. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Julia Reidhead. 7th ed. N.p.: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 7 vols. 520-32. Print. "Overview: â€Å"Self-Reliance†." Literature and Its Times: Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Vol. 2: Civil Wars to Frontier Societies (1800-1880s). Detroit: Gale, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Apr. 2010

Deal Book Critique Liberty Essay

This book gives single parents an ideal of what to expect when dating. When a person has children sometimes it difficult to find a date, even to find time to date someone. Ron L. Deal has come up with different guidelines to help a single person find love in all the right places. Getting Past Butterflies and Warm Fuzzies God made people to be loved. Some people have the longing desire to be loved and married one day while others do not have the desire to have a marriage. When a parent wants again to find love many questions go threw there head according to Deal. How do I introduce my children to a new friend How is dating or a marriage going to affect my children How do I know if my children and I are ready to date These are just some question a single parent wanting to date may have. (Deal, 2012) A person dating a single parent may have just as many questions How do I make a good first impression on the children How do I fit in with a blended family Can I handle being a stepparent W hat is my role as stepparent When children are involved it is not about finding a mate but starting a family. The down side of dating is that someone will feel left out. If a person is spending time with the children then the boyfriend is the one who feels left out. When this happens the other person is thinking about how the other person influences the relationship. A single parent must find a purpose in dating. Finding a person who shares the same core values and spiritual beliefs. If you both love God, when you combine families they will be blessed. Single parents should not seek a relationship for the wrong things. Dating for the wrong reasons include not feeling lonely, getting help financially and helping with parenting. These are the wrong goals and should be avoided. The next section of the book goes over are you ready to date. Deal says that past relationship in our lives affect us today. If a person loses a partner to divorce or death it takes some time to heal. A person must first examine the impact of past relationships. Sometimes those relationships are buried alive and can come back to life at anytime. It is not important to move on fast, but to examine how the past has made an impact on you and your children. A person that has been divorce should see if the relationship with spouse could be reconciled. Deal recommends that you should prep yourself and the kids for dating. The family should conquer fears of what they have. Adult fears can consist of losing kid connection, causing kid pain, not blending,  choosing a mate poorly, ex-spouse fear, fearing spiritual judgment. The person should rate their fear between 1-10. Single parents should pray to God and ask him to help you overcome your fears and help you have successful dating relationship. Parents should commit to each other fully to love one another. Help children overcome their fears by telling them that you will always love them no matter what. Children are very smart and they want to know what is going on. Have conversations with them about how things might change with you dating. Remain patient with your children and do not force them to love your partner like you love them. This will take time and do not give up. Gone Fishing N ot every relationship is going to work and it is important to notice certain signs that the relationship will not work. The first and most important sign is not sharing the same spiritual beliefs. IF he is pressuring you to get married with a relationship with God, then a person should rethink their relationship with them. A single person should come up with a silhouette profile of what they are looking for. A person silhouette should include submissive to God, look for a mate that is a follower of God and lives the life God would want them to live. Being humble, Humility primes the canvas of the heart to receive the Holy Sprit paint so we can more profoundly reflect the image of Christ. (Deal, 2012) antoher thing that should be included a silhoutte is waiting to have sex till you are married. Having a spirtualy personal trainer is another thing to include. Personal trainers help us turn bad behaviors into better ones. Marital Commitment and Stepfamily Preparation When decding whether to take the reelationship to the next level she should follow a few tips. Everybody should agree to the marriage inclu ding everyones children. When family becomes blended there is going to be bumps in the road. But as this is going to the way of world we should know how to handle these problems better. Through Deal, research we know what problems can occur, how step families function and why they are so unique. This has been a journey but it still has along way to go. Families at the middle stage of blending should attend pre marital counseling to see what areas they are weak and strong in, so they can know exactly where they stand and what they need to work on to develop a plan. God uses the journey of marriage to sharpen you into the right person and build the correct realtionship. Potential use for Christian Couples This book is a great reference for chrisian couples. It  gives great insight on what God plan is and how it should work with what plan you think you should have. Dating for two people can be difficult and when it is a crowd it complicats things even more. This books show how you should deal with children and yourself to see what could work best for everyone. Proverbs says, Let the wise listen and add to their learning, and let the concerning get gudidance. (15) Spitural guidance is what the books guides you through it. When a single parent begins to date, love is not the on ly that can keep a relationship together. Critique This book is an excellent book for someone who has been in a previous marriage and who is looking to date. It is a great resousce tool for the seaching Christian. In an article written by a single mom, she says that she sets guidelines for dating her realtionships. She says that she usally dates when her child is spending time with the father. She says that it is easier for her to date guys that have kids already. I am sure Aisha is like many other moms. Finding some one that can be a piece to a puzzle that has already been created. She is searching for friends that have a similar life as her, single parent wanting to mingle. In research, another article was found with the same information as Deal. The author states that you do causal dating for parents can be very frustrating. When you are single, sometimes convincing yourselves that being alone is the best thing. When a marriage ends it usually painful and involves children. The results of an ending marriage can result in damaged self-esteem and guilt of a relationship not working and kids their to suffer. The author suggests that you stay out of bed with each other as long as possible just as Deal did. The next step the author suggests is to keep the children out of the relationship for as long as possible as you can. The next suggestion is to have clear and concise communication skills. Make sure you as a single parent ask questions to get to know the person. With all of these clues and tips, the relationships the second time around should be much better. (Pikiewicz, 2013) In conclusion, Dating and the Single Parent, was a very resouceful book for single parents. It gives great advice on how to handle new relationships after a past marriage. Dating for anyone can be very hard and when children are involde it makes it a little more diffuilt. This book will be recommend to single parents looking to hit the dating scence. When condierating dating, children  should be the number one concern. Children are affected more than we know we it comes to divorces and parents remarring. Deal is a very knowledge person having a lot of experince is dealing with blended familes. Very good resource tool. References Deal, R. L. (2012). Dating and the Single Parent. Bloomington, Minnesota Bethany House Publications. Pikiewicz, K. (2013, April 12). Dating Tips for Single Parents.

Dramatic device Essays

Dramatic device Essays Dramatic device Paper Dramatic device Paper Another dramatic device is were Mrs Birling is telling the inspector about a young girl (Eva Smith) who had used her family name, Mrs Birling, in the charity organisation were she is chairwomen. Mrs Birling tells the inspector how she turned this desperate girl away when she was pregnant with Erics baby. Mrs Birling does not know this but the audience do (dramatic irony). Priestley does this deliberately so we, the audience, dislike her. This shows how Mrs Birling played a part in Evas death. Mrs Birling sets herself up for a huge downfall which the audience know will happen but they do not know when. This is a dramatic device which creates interest for the audience who then realise that this is a recurring pattern of the play, were characters speak one by one in dramatic irony and they let themselves in for a major collapse. The Inspector questions them individually building them up so they reveal how that particular character was involved in Evas death. The writer uses many dramatic devices, apart from the play being set only in the dining room, Priestley uses lighting to create an atmosphere and change in mood. At the beginning of the play a pink cosy intimate lighting is used in the dining room when the family are happy and chattering. The mood changes when the inspector enters the room and it becomes unpleasant and uneasy, the lighting becomes brighter and harsher. Here Priestley lets the audience know that there is to be a change in the drama which will create more entertainment and suspense. The stage directions show this: The lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, then it should be brighter and harsher. Stage directions for the characters make the play more appealing for the audience. Birling and Mrs Birling exchange bewildering and rather frightened glances. Priestley shows us here that the Birlings are worried and scared abut losing their reputation if people find out that they are involved in Eva Smiths death. They are not concerned at all about the suicide of Eva but they are just concerned about themselves. By doing this Priestly ensures that the audience continue to dislike the Birlings. Stage directions are a useful dramatic device as Priestley uses this to his advantage by manipulating the audience into forming a bad relationship with these particular characters. At the end of each act Priestley uses a cliff-hanger ending. At the end of act one Sheila and Gerald are trying to cover up that they are involved in Evas death, when suddenly the inspector enters interrupting them, Well. By using cliff-hanger endings he creates tension, interest and suspense. Priestley teases the audience towards the next act so they continue to be interested in the play and carry on to enjoy the drama. At the start of the next act the audience will be eager and excited to find out the next part of the story. This is why An Inspector Calls has a strong appeal to audiences today. One theatrical device which is used throughout the play to create interest for both the audiences and characters is the photograph of Eva Smith. This dramatic device is used by the Inspector to create a more tense drama. The photograph of Eva Smith is shown to each character individually by the inspector. This makes the audience and characters curious as to what the girl may look like. During An Inspector Calls both the family and audience find that Eva Smith has been using different names including Mrs Birling and Daisy Renton. Different family members show the audience their involvement with the young girl but under different identities after the inspector shows them the photograph. At the end of the play after the inspector has left, the characters wonder if it was the same photograph they had each been shown, or whether it was two different photographs of two different girls. This information only comes about after the family think the inspector is a fake and it was just a joke. Priestley does this purposely for the audience and to make them think. This heightens the sense of drama for the audience. And how do we know she was really Eva Smith or Daisy Renton? This is a hope by Gerald and the family as they do not want to lose their reputation and their aspiring upper class respect. This frustrates the audience as they want the photograph to be the same one so the family will then get the comeuppance that they deserve for being a part of Evas suicide. The audience also want their reputation to be destroyed. This is why the audience enjoys the play as it is a dramatic thriller which involves them in a tense and entertaining way. An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestley is still one of the most frequently performed plays ranging from 1945-2002 and it has a strong appeal to a wide age range of people. It is a dramatic drama which involves the audience throughout by using dramatic and theatrical methods to portray the plays strong message. J.B Priestley wants people to stop being so complacent and start thinking about others more than themselves. He wants his audience to learn from his play that I is not always more important then We and that we should work as a community. The Inspector important speech shows this, We are responsible for each other. The play is still relevant to audiences today because people still have not learnt Priestleys message as war and disastrous events still are happening today. This is not the right way to live. Priestley wants people to understand his message and act on it, and not just listen. If the whole would work together and not against each other as enemies, we would live in a more peaceful and happier world. The playwright says the younger generation learn quicker than the older generation were change occurs slower, but if people of all ages, all cultures, and all religions can understand the message of An Inspector Calls we can all learn to change for the better and care for each other.

A Matter of Failure Turned Successful essays

A Matter of Failure Turned Successful essays What factors turned Englands Chesapeake colony of Virginia from stark failure to brilliant success? In the 1580s, the English landed in an unknown world called America. They quickly set up camp and created the small city of Roanoke, in present-day North Carolina. The population of Roanoke colony was very small; they were Englishs prototype colony. The expedition leader, John White, was very excited and returned home to England to spread the news. When he returned to Roanoke in 1590, he returned to an abandoned colony, with no signs of what happened. The Roanoke Colony was a miserable failure. English colonization was delayed afterwards due to Englands war with Spain, from 1588 to 1604. But once the war was over, England was back at it again and set forth to the Chesapeake Bay. The Virginia Company, who was a group of investors, set sail once again in 1607 and created a fort named Jamestown. The difference between Jamestown and Roanoke is... Jamestown was a success. The first couple years for Jamestown settlers was hard, especially in the cold, violent Atlantic Coast winters. Jamestown was doomed the first winter until the Powhatan tribe came the rescue. After the first couple winters were over with, the Chesapeake started to boom economically. One of the biggest allies of the Chesapeake was tobacco. Tobacco was unknown to England, and in 1613, John Rolfe developed a hybrid cured Virginia leaf. This new phenomenon was packaged and shipped to England and the rest of Europe, and the smoking craze was on. With tobacco on the rise for the Virginia Company, they needed much help farming it. The Virginia Company was giving land away in the Chesapeake to anyone who can afford the trip over. In the years between 1619 and 1624, 4,500 new English settlers arrived to raise tobacco. For those who wanted to get out of England and couldnt afford it, the Virginia Company paid their way. T...

BSA375 Week Four Essay

BSA375 Week Four Essay BSA375 Week Four Essay BSA375 Week 4 Lecture Development & Implementation of Software This lecture will examine several additional areas related the development and implementation of software. First of all many organizations must compare and evaluate the costs and schedule tradeoff of building an information system in house versus buying a vendor software product versus having a custom system built by contractors. A number of organizations continue to build their own software today but usually do not spend resources developing standard administrative applications such as payroll, human resources, or accounting which can be purchased as Commercial off the Shelf software. Commercial off the shelf software is often referred to as COTS. In many instances, where an organization has a development staff, those resources will often be put to use developing information systems that can increase the profitability of the organization as well as those that which might provide a competitive advantage. The most popular reason behind purchasing and using the COTS alternative today is that the software can be acquired and installed within a reasonably short time frame with the functionality required. As previously stated, it is often more cost effective to acquire and install an administrative information system from a vendor if it will not provide any competitive advantage to the organization. Another reason for acquiring a COTS information system is the ability to acquire an information system that has been built by industry "experts" with expertise that doesn't exist within the organization. The need to customize software is usually the result of unique requirements identified by the end user management. The context in which customization is being discussed here is not the same as in-house development. This context for customization is related to the use of a COTS purchased information system. A valid situation for a customization can occur when the basic functions, data capture, and information output of the COTS acquired software appears to be good but not quite adequate fit to the requirements needed by the organization. Although customization does take place, a critical element is the access to the source code for the application. While it might be possible to acquire the source code from the software vendor, it might also be cost prohibitive to do so. Additionally, the modification to the COTS source code would likely eliminate vendor support of the product. The approach most often taken when using COTS is to develop customized interfaces from existing information systems to pass data into the COTS application as well as developing customized reports to satisfy management requirements. This approach is often a successful implementation strategy into today's information technology environment. Another aspect of customization in today's COTS environment is products that can be customized or parameter driven to meet the needs of many organizations. Leading COTS packages such as SAP, BAAN, Lawson, and Oracle can be customized to meet Copyright  © 2007 University of Phoenix. All Rights Reserved. the needs of different organizations in different industries. This form of customization does not modify the source code but utilizes organization data that is populated in the database along with operational parameters that will allow the software to operate as if it has been uniquely developed for the organization. When implementing an information system, there are various testing activities that must take place. The basic premise of testing is to make sure the software is working properly before releasing the software into a production environment. There are testing procedures that can be used to ensure the validity of the software. Unit testing is the typically the responsibility of the programmer. The programmer will usually create test data to make sure the program can process the test data without failure. One mistake occasionally made by the programmer is to

The use and impact of local quality management in the UK telecom Essay

The use and impact of local quality management in the UK telecom business sector - Essay Example The aim of the research study is ‘to identify and explore the impact of the total quality management on the businesses operating in United Kingdom with special focus on the telecom industry. Dale has presented the idea that it is really important for the organisations to manage the quality of the operations and business process. At the same time Omachonu and Ross, defined the total quality management as one the widely used management approach by the organisations in order to reduce the defects and wastages from the business processes. This in turn allows the organisation to provide the end customers with the high quality products and satisfy them. There are several factors and elements which should be considered before implementing different total quality management techniques and methods. It is important for the organisations to understand different factors which directly influence the process of total quality management. Only in this way, the organisations will able to reap t he benefits of total quality management. Jonier in his research study have highlighted the role of organisation and co-worker support in the process of total quality management implementation and have showed its impact on the organisation performance. According to him, the support from staff and top management is required in order to make sure that the full advantages of total quality management can be enjoyed by the organisation. The total quality management is also directly related with the workplace attitudes. The research study of Sommer and Merritt (1994), presented that the intervention by the total quality management techniques and methods considerably influence the workplace attitudes of the employees. It is important for the top management to involve the employees in the process of change and implement the total quality management with their consent. In this way there will be less resistance on part of the employees and there will be high possibility that the implementation of the total quality management technique will be a success. In the similar manner, Yue, Ooi, and Keong (2011), presented the idea that the people related total quality management practices allow the organization to improve the job satisfaction among the employees and in turn reduce the turnover ratio. Because of increasing job satisfaction the employees tend to give their best performance and this as a result increase the overall performance and growth of the organisation. It is important to identify the appropriate steps of the total qual

Genre 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genre 8 - Essay Example Second, little known facts. This are meant to spike readers mind and create interest into certain subject. Third, unusual viewpoints. Little known facts these reach out and grab the readers mind. Example can be use of common and un- noticed things in the world to try to create curiosity among the readers. Fourth, fascinating comparison. This creates instant and powerful images communicating clearly to the same degree as simile and metaphor. Since informational books are informative and aimed to be educative, use of comparisons help to clarify the issues to the reader and build from known to unknown. Fifth, first person account. This make it to be real such that when the writer ,writes about an experience he has gone through; as he develops the story both the writer and the reader seem to discover together but not a recount of the information. This carries the reader into first person account role i.e. he assumes the role of main character. Lastly is accuracy. Informational books shou ld be factual and dependable as they introduce the reader to the world or present something about it. Teachers should avoid anthropomorphism and hyperbole. Informational picture books –present accurate and appealing content aimed at awakening the reader’s interest. It serves the same purpose as informational chapter books though they are more heavily illustrated. They present an idea in sufficient depth to pique curiosity as it increases understanding. Concept books- are simplified picture books that present basic knowledge about one topic in a way both understandable and interesting to a small child beginning to learn the world. Its normally the first informational book the child is introduced to as he develops the skills to learn. Often invites the reader to engage into certain activity to reinforce a topic which being taught. Having access to books that are preferred can affect a child’s interest in books and in reading this affective response is

Business Economics Hons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Economics Hons - Essay Example For this reason, I sought to register in a reputable college to do economics and make sure that I have achieved my dreams. This is why I chose to enroll in a university to do my bachelors in economics. I am currently doing my A levels in where I am doing Business Studies, Economics and Psychology. I believe these subjects will be a very good precursor for doing my bachelors in economics and I believe that the knowledge I have gained in my A levels will be important for me as I do my bachelors in economics. I am a very smart person in the intellectual level and I expect to get BBB grades in my A levels. My love for economics also sprouts from the knowledge that the current world is directly dependent on business as business has become the ranch and hunting ground of modern world. I also like economics because as an academic discipline, it can lead to numerous academic disciplines for my future academic development. I am a diligent person and this can be seen in my achievement that was awarded with a Duke of Edinburgh bronze award. I am the kind of person who can achieve anything when they set their minds at something and I am also very energetic and I expect to invest these talents and abilities in the bachelors of economics. I have also worked in a cafà © and in a promotion company in the past and this gave me quite an insight into how the business world worked. I believe that I have a big role to play in the economy of my country as well as the world and I intend to use the knowledge and skills that I will get in making sure that I improve people’s lives by educating them about economics principles. The world economy is in tatters and although this is a problem, I see it as an opportunity for economists to make changes in the economy and eradicate the suffering in the world that is brought in by unnecessary poverty. I call it unnecessary poverty since the poorest places in the world are those with the

Which branch of government should be making the decisions on Essay

Which branch of government should be making the decisions on immigration - Essay Example Since September 11th the debate on immigration has heated up with the congress discussing how to amend the policy that is to allow foreigners to reside in the US. According to Reuters it is estimated that 11 million immigrants are in the US illegally. Based on this fact, some feel that politicians in Washington are at a slower pace on the issue and whatever measures they are proposing are not effective enough. Due to this some states such as Alabama Arizona, Georgia, Indiana and Utah have gone ahead to enact their own laws in regards to immigration. This has sparked an intense debate on who should make policy decisions on immigration whether it should be the affair of the states or the federal government (Vettese). The federal immigration policy of the United States is based on the plenary power doctrine. As a fundamental characteristic of sovereignty, the legislative and the executive (political branches) enjoy great power and authority, in relation to immigration issues1. The courts in several occasions have affirmed the plenary power doctrine from the 19th century to-date, despite this, there are attempts to reduce control by the other branches of government on immigration and uphold a judicial administration system founded on the premise that foreigners have a right to migrate. The constitution does not give directions to any government branch in regards to immigration but it does put power of neutralization on the congress2. Immigration policies being a national affair as immigrants do not only go to one state but to every state, must be uniform and to make policy decisions on the subject takes a national body. This body must be able to make the laws, enforces them in a national and uniform scale. This body must also be in a position to counter check if the laws made are in line with the constitution. There is no better side of the government that can fulfill this uniformity at a national scale than the federal government. The federal government

Andrew Jackson and William T. Sherman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andrew Jackson and William T. Sherman - Essay Example Despite their important places in history, the credibility of both men has been a long debated issue. Known popularly as the ‘Old Hero’, Jackson was revered as a president bigger than life, whose prominence attributed him to an era. Despite his immense impact on the growth of the American economy during the years of his presidency, he is also argued as someone who was under the control of rather than being in control of the forces that governed the economic and political scenario during his era (Sean Wilentz, 2005). In contrast, there is a unanimous agreement to the fact that Sherman managed to succeed in his military offensives largely due to his ability in organization and command in the military and the consistency with which he played a psychological assault on his opponents. He was also known to display his ruthless rage with a sense of clarity (Edward Robins, 1905). Jackson as a leader was known to yearn for the agrarian past, which had dominated the American economy until then. In fact, he is widely regarded as devoting a large time during his term in office in an inconsistent battle towards resisting the prospects of a revolution in the markets (Robert Vincent Remini, 1969). In contrast to these differing personalities, Sherman was a man whose nature could be easily perceived from his behavior. He was someone whose complicated attitude would create a charming and interesting opinion, but would nevertheless do little towards helping anyone embrace him closely. He was known to be short tempered, garrulous and aggressive in his approach. Just like Jackson supported the practice of slavery, Sherman was a known racist (Faunt Le Roy Senour, 1865). Despite his insecurities, he was well acclaimed with the war and how to go about finishing it. Sherman was known to stir controversies with his provocative personality and often provided assurances on issues that others would

Which branch of government should be making the decisions on Essay

Which branch of government should be making the decisions on immigration - Essay Example Since September 11th the debate on immigration has heated up with the congress discussing how to amend the policy that is to allow foreigners to reside in the US. According to Reuters it is estimated that 11 million immigrants are in the US illegally. Based on this fact, some feel that politicians in Washington are at a slower pace on the issue and whatever measures they are proposing are not effective enough. Due to this some states such as Alabama Arizona, Georgia, Indiana and Utah have gone ahead to enact their own laws in regards to immigration. This has sparked an intense debate on who should make policy decisions on immigration whether it should be the affair of the states or the federal government (Vettese). The federal immigration policy of the United States is based on the plenary power doctrine. As a fundamental characteristic of sovereignty, the legislative and the executive (political branches) enjoy great power and authority, in relation to immigration issues1. The courts in several occasions have affirmed the plenary power doctrine from the 19th century to-date, despite this, there are attempts to reduce control by the other branches of government on immigration and uphold a judicial administration system founded on the premise that foreigners have a right to migrate. The constitution does not give directions to any government branch in regards to immigration but it does put power of neutralization on the congress2. Immigration policies being a national affair as immigrants do not only go to one state but to every state, must be uniform and to make policy decisions on the subject takes a national body. This body must be able to make the laws, enforces them in a national and uniform scale. This body must also be in a position to counter check if the laws made are in line with the constitution. There is no better side of the government that can fulfill this uniformity at a national scale than the federal government. The federal government

Casual Analysis of a Superhero Movie Trend Essay

Casual Analysis of a Superhero Movie Trend - Essay Example All the movie makers want a piece of the share of the market, thus resulting in a large number of feature films about a superhero of all forms. As the mass development of superhero films progresses, this raises the query of how many superheroes are required in the lives of human beings. It is also intriguing that the identical movie characters have existed throughout the days, with no decrease in the movie market supply or demand (King 67). This paper will analyze the origin, causes and probable consequences of superhero movies. The classic superhero model stemmed from comic books, but their eminence in widespread culture has enlarged to film and television. These superheroes were initially merely narrative means employed to mirror the present-day need for a guardian of public justice. Since that period, the superhero has developed into a versatile and timeless entertainment symbol. Just as the television industry, the movie sector has made a large number of remakes of superhero movi es. Spiderman is one of the utmost glaring films of all-time (King 46). In addition, the regard behind the superhero movies lies in their reliability and their predictability. For example, the superhero trope is without doubt identified with moviegoers. Moviegoers go to the movie theaters with a reasonably proper comprehension of the common story line; have an encounter with the superhero, observe their flamboyant powers; have an encounter with the baddies, dread their menacing strategies of evil. The plot frequently entails a rescue operation, which in due course finishes to the culmination of a heroic battle between virtuous versus wicked. There may be differences between the varying narratives, but the expectation of the viewers will always remain consistent (King 33). People are aware of what they are receiving from the superhero films. Nonetheless, the model is also varied enough to give numerous varying explanations in its characterization. Superhero characters are adaptable a nd may be categorized under different areas of ethical scale from a morally confusing antihero, for example, Catwoman to a straight-laced protector of justice, for example, Captain America. Consequently, the storytelling capacity could have infinite probabilities. While the plots may be the same, the dissimilarities in the directorial techniques, the cinematography, and in the characters differentiate one film from the other. Prior to Spiderman, superhero movies tended to lie in between different categories with regard to urban staging. They characteristically also failed or did not try to extensively deconstruct the goal of the comic-book superhero, and it still may be argued that, to a large degree, both of these concerns are still prevalent to the genre. But the puzzle trailer for Spiderman suggested both a new form of superhero city and also a prolonged unsettled take on urban slump that had been moderately absent from action cinema (DeScioli and Kurzban 248). Roland Emmerichâ⠂¬â„¢s work had and still continues to teach viewers that the CGI’s epiphany is the absolute annihilation of the urban surrounding. With Spiderman, there was not only the World Trade Center, but also a sign of the urban literally intertwined with the superheroic. Even

The Urban Political Machine Essay Example for Free

The Urban Political Machine Essay Basically, an urban political machine is a system which was born around the end of the 19th and the early part of the 20th century. This system was formulated to cater to the needs of immigrants and other urban dwellers because they have become part of the majority of the population around this time. The system served as a guarantor of the delivery of the basic needs of people, due to the fact that the state has started to face difficulties in promoting the said needs and services. (Urban Political Machine) Take note that these urban political machines are unique to the United States, and these systems are constructed in the pursuit of the two most important things in politics, money and power. Their roles extended beyond what the state offered; they provided things such as aid for immigrants in finding tangible things such as houses, to the intangibles such as jobs. These machines also helped distribute food in the forms of groceries to families that are deep in need. One of the most surprising things that these urban political machines did was help families that have members in jail, mostly in the form of bail. (Urban Political Machine) According to Jane Addams, an urban political machine, the Alderman, â€Å"bails out his constituents when they are arrested, or says a good word to the police justice when they appear before him for trial†. (Urban Political Machines) This is one way that the urban political machine garnered the negative image that was associated with it. In exchange for these forms of aid, one important thing needed by any political machine is the trust and loyalty by its members, most importantly the people’s votes. Looking at the urban political machine at a non-moralist point of view, one can see that it has indeed become effective in aiding the people especially immigrants because it was able to cater to some of the constituent’s most basic needs, but when looked at from the other side, it can be seen as a very ripe instrument which could lead to things like corruption and tyranny. Bibliography Urban Political Machine. Radford University Home Page. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www. runet. edu/~shepburn/urban_political_machine. htm Urban Political Machines. University of Houston Digital History. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/

John Keats: Ode On A Grecian Urn

John Keats: Ode On A Grecian Urn Thou still unravishd bride of quietness[im1], Thou foster-child [im2]of silence and slow time, Sylvan [im3]historian, who canst thus express A flowery [im4]tale more sweetly[im5] than our rhyme: What leaf-fringd legend haunts[im6] about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both,[im7] In Tempe [im8]or the dales of Arcady[im9][im10]? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?[im11] What pipes and timbrels? What [im12]wild ecstasy? Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard[im13] Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes[im14], play on; Not to the sensual ear, but, more endeard, Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone[im15]: Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;[im16] Bold[im17] Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade[im18], though thou [im19]hast not [im20]thy bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair![im21] Ah, happy, happy [im22]boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; And, happy melodist, unwearied[im23], For ever piping songs for ever new;[im24] More happy love! more happy, happy love! For ever warm and still to be enjoyd, For ever panting[im25], and for ever young; All breathing human passion far above[im26], That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloyd[im27][im28], A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. Who are these coming to the sacrifice? To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Leadst thou that heifer lowing at the skies, And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? What little town by river or sea shore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel[im29], Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn? And, little town, thy streets for evermore Will silent be; and not a soul to tell Why thou art desolate, can eer return. O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought[im30], With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form[im31], dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral![im32] When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst, Beauty is truth, truth beauty[im33],-that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. Background: Keats felt inspired after reading two Benjamin Haydon articles, he was aware of Greek art and he had first hand exposure to the Elgin marbles. Reinforced his belief that Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues which form the basis of the poem. He wrote the Odes when he left his job as assistant house surgeon in London, to devote himself entirely to the composition of poetry. Living with his friend Charles Brown, the 23-year-old was burdened with money problems and despaired when his brother George sought his financial assistance. Relationships between the soul, eternity, nature, and art. Keats was a second generation of Romantic poet, he took a polite subject a study of a Greek pot commonly spoken about by the Augustans and traditional odes and turned it into a loud, over-the-top celebration of music, sex, and youth. Structure: Attempted to write sonnets but found the rhyme scheme did not match the message he was trying to convey, so he turned to the ode form. But he found the Pindaric form inadequate for discussing philosophy. So, he developed his own kind. Further altered his ode style for Nightingale and Grecian Urn by adding a secondary voice- creating a dialogue. Keats uses ekphrasis, (the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words) but differently from Theocrituss Idyll, a classical poem describing a design on the side of a cup, Theocritus describes motion and underlying motives whilst Keats focuses solely on the external features of the cup but makes the reader think about the underlying motives. Ten-line stanzas, beginning with an ABAB rhyme scheme (alternate rhyme) and ending with a Miltonic sestet (1st and 5th stanzas CDEDCE, 2nd stanza CDECED, and 3rd and 4th stanzas CDECDE, the Keatsian Structure). The same overall pattern is used in Ode on Indolence, Ode on Melancholy, and Ode to a Nightingale (though their sestet rhyme schemes vary), which unify the poems in structure as well as theme. Creates the sense of a two-part thematic structure as well. The first four lines of each stanza roughly define the subject of the stanza, and the last six roughly explicate or develop it. Ode in Greek, means sung. While ode-writers from antiquity adhered to rigid patterns of strophe, antistrophe, and epode, the form by Keatss time had undergone enough transformation that it represented a manner rather than a set method for writing a certain type of lyric poetry. Keatss odes seek to find a classical balance between two extremes, and in the structure of Ode on a Grecian Urn, classical literature and the asymmetry of Romantic poetry. The use of the ABAB structure in the beginning lines of each stanza represents a clear example of structure found in classical literature, and the remaining six lines appear to break free of the traditional poetic styles of Greek and Roman odes. Keats metre reflects a conscious development in his poetic style. The poem contains only a single instance of medial inversion (the reversal of an iamb in the middle of a line), which was common in his earlier works. Keats incorporates spondees in 37 of the 250 metrical feet. Caesurae are never placed before the fourth syllable in a line. The word choice represents a shift from Keats early reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter, Germanic words. In the second stanza, Ode on a Grecian Urn, which emphasizes words containing the letters p, b, and v, uses syzygy, the repetition of a consonantal sound. The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance, which is found in very few English poems. Line 13 where the e of sensual connects with the e of endeard and the ea of ear connects with the ea of endeard. A more complex form is found in line 11 the ea of Heard connecting to the ea of unheard, the o of melodies connecting to the o of those and the u of but connecting to the u of unheard. Themes: Like many Keatsian odes, Ode on a Grecian Urn discusses art and arts audience. He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems, and works such as Ode to a Nightingale appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual. Keats reverses this when describing an urn within Ode on a Grecian Urn to focus on representational art. He previously used the image of an urn in Ode on Indolence, depicting one with three figures representing Love, Ambition and Poesy. Of these three, Love and Poesy are integrated into Ode on a Grecian Urn with an emphasis on how the urn, as a human artistic construct, is capable of relating to the idea of Truth. The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities: an attempt at courtship, the making of music, and a religious rite. The figures are supposed to be beautiful, and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic. Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator, the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images. The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem, which creates ambiguity in the poems final lines: Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words, to whom they are speaking, and what is meant by the words, which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator. The urn, as a piece of art, requires an audience and is in an incomplete state on its own. This allows the urn to interact with humanity, to put forth a narrative, and allows for the imagination to operate. The images on the urn provoke the narrator to ask questions, and the silence of the urn reinforces the imaginations ability to operate. This interaction and use of the imagination is part of a greater tradition called ut pictura poesis the contemplation of art by a poet which serves as a meditation upon art itself. In this meditation, the narrator dwells on the aesthetic and mimetic features of art. The figures on the urn within Ode on a Grecian Urn lack identities, but the first section ends with the narrator believing that if he knew the story, he would know their names. The second section of the poem, describing the piper and the lovers, meditates on the possibility that the role of art is not to describe specifics but universal characters, which falls under the term Truth. The three figures would represent how Love, Beauty, and Art are unified together in an idealised world where art represents the feelings of the audience. The audience is not supposed to question the events but instead to rejoice in the happy aspects of the scene in a manner that reverses the claims about art in Ode to a Nightingale. Similarly, the response of the narrator to the sacrifice is not compatible with the response of the narrator to the lovers. Narrator contemplates where the boundaries of art lie and how much an artist can represent on an urn. The questions the narrator asks to reveal a yearning to understand the scene, but the urn is too limited to allow such answers. Furthermore, the narrator is able to visualise more than what actually exists on the urn. This conclusion on art is both satisfying, in that it allows the audience to actually connect with the art, and alienating, as it does not provide the audience the benefit of instruction or narcissistic fulfilment. Besides the contradictions between the various desires within the poem, there are other paradoxes that emerge as the narrator compares his world with that of the figures on the urn. In the opening line, he refers to the urn as a bride of quietness, which serves to contrast the urn with the structure of the ode, a type of poem originally intended to be sung. Another paradox arises when the narrator describes immortals on the side of an urn meant to carry the ashes of the dead. In terms of the actual figures upon the urn, the image of the lovers depicts the relationship of passion and beauty with art. In Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on Melancholy, Keats describes how beauty is temporary. However, the figures of the urn are able to always enjoy their beauty and passion because of their artistic permanence. The urns description as a bride invokes a possibility of consummation, which is symbolic of the urns need for an audience. [im1]Apostrophe: Silences the Urn and projects a voice, his own onto it allowing him to speak on its behalf. [im2]Married to Mr. Quietness but they have never consummated their marriage despite ravished imagery. Also, adopted by silence and time but these were not the originally circumstances, the true parent is the silent painter and ceremonial use. After the decline on Greece the pot continued to live on. [im3]Means Forest, the Urn is a historian of people of the woods. [im4]As well as the bee imagery flowery is a pun as a flowery tale is very complicated, also an urn had a flowery or leafy border. [im5]Flower and sweetly is metaphor for bees and nature, he believes that the Urn can tell a better story, with nature like unlike poetry, both are true beauty and show nature. [im6]Exist in one place- but has obvious connections to the supernatural and the dead characters. [im7]In ancient Greece Gods were represented as normal people so it would be hard to tell the difference, Gods also liked to be in company with people. In a way, the poems rigid rhyme and meter is very understated bringing parallels to God. Effortless on the surface highly intricate underneath you wouldnt know what you were looking for unless you sough it out.. [im8]The Vale of Tempe was home for a time to Aristaeus, son of Apollo and Cyrene, and it was here that he chased Eurydice, wife of Orpheus, who, in her flight, was bitten by a serpent and died. In the thirteenth century AD a church dedicated to Aghia (Saint) Paraskevi was erected in the valley. [im9]Tempe and Arcady are allusions to two regions of Ancient Greece known for being particularly lush and green. They become stock symbols in English poetry for places where people lived in the forest. [im10]Vision of pastoralism in nature. [im11]USE of ekphrasis, the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words. [im12]Repetition of questions (anaphora) that the speaker cannot comprehend draws parallels to the interaction between Job and God. Something that is godly like nature or beautiful art is incomprehensible for man we can do our best to try to understand it only. [im13]ASSONANCE: ea of Heard connecting to the ea of unheard, the o of melodies connecting to the o of those and the u of but connecting to the u of unheard. [im14]Unlike the wild party music in the chase in stanza 1 the soft pipes give a soothed atmosphere [im15]Paradox: the sweetest melodies are the ones that you do not hear. Keats is tricking the audience: he treats the people as if they are real people in real events living on the Urn just in frozen time The Urns beauty allows him to think of a song in his head that the man is playing and its more beautiful than anything that he has ever heard before. Aka he prefers the fantasy world to the real one. [im16]Edenic, it shall always be spring here with the man under the tree always playing his sweet music for his spirit. [im17]Another apostrophe [im18]No surprise that he is so obsessed with immortality, he had just contracted TB.. [im19]Greece had connections to higher society and was rebellious, he uses anachronistic diction to make this connection with the constant repetition of thou- its made to sound fancy. [im20]Keats says not to grieve but continues to use negative phrasing even in these lines: do not grieve, cannot fade, and hast not thy bliss. Keats may have made a mistake, or there may be a reason for this negative undertone [im21]SYZYG: Repetition of the consonant sound b v p in particular, breaking his reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter, Germanic words. [im22]Potentially trying to convince himself that he is happy allegorically he is actually happy. [im23]Pronounced un-wear-i-ed to preserve the iambic pentameter. Potentially comparing himself to the happy melodist who too draws out notes/syllables. [im24]Stuck in the same time forever its always new nothing shall ever grow old. [im25]Repetition shows the eternal nature of the urn which is observed here. Panting from being chased in S1 as well as sexual connotations. Alternatively, with the rhythm pulsating and the repetition of speech he is growing sexually excited himself. [im26]Could be the speaker standing above the urn or it could suggest that the lovers are better of above human passion and they are actually all Gods, preserved and beautiful- living on forever as long as they are remembered. [im27]If it is the speaker standing high above then it must be his heart that is sorrow filled, looking at those in love sadden him. Uses metonym to connect them. Words that give meaning to another i.e. Westminster = House of Parliament, Downing Street = Prime Minister. [im28]Too much of something good. [im29]Oxymoron peaceful fortress [im30]Overcomplicated- too good for us Godly. [im31]Apostrophe and personificationÂÂ   is cyclical like looking around the urn in a circle. [im32]The poet compares the experience of looking at the urn to thinking about eternity, an idea so lofty and hard to understand that trying to think about it is like not thinking at all. [im33]Simple chiasmus acts as synecdoche for the poem. Due Process and Crime Control Models: Compare and Contrast Due Process and Crime Control Models: Compare and Contrast The purpose of this paper is to research both the Due Process and Crime Control Models. After researching each of the topics, they will be discussed in further detail. Both of the models will be compared and contrasted as well. Both of the models have proven to be well known and used throughout the United States, as well as many other parts of the world; both models have been used since the 1960s. The contemporary state court system status and the model that is used there will be discussed further in the paper. Both of the models named above are very complex systems that are used in criminal justice systems throughout the United States as well as many other parts of the world. The models were developed as some type of guideline to aid in the arrest and prosecution of criminals. The purposes of the two models are to help maintain safety is society, as well as protect the rights of the suspect in various situations and scenarios. In order to fully understand both of the models, each system must be viewed separate and together. Various models and techniques have been used in the criminal justice system since its development, some of the models have been more structured than others, some have been less structured than others. When evaluated, some of the different models have worked well in some areas, while other models have not appeared to be beneficial at all. Literature Review Choongh (1998) provided readers with information regarding the limitations of Packers crime control and due process models, which were developed in the 1960s. Choongh informed readers that the crime control model follows procedures very closely, as well as screen suspects, determines guilt, and secures punishment all according to written policies, procedures, and laws. Choongh suggested that there are some problems with the model. One of the problems is that the model defines efficiency by speed and finality. This could possibly be beneficial in some ways, but could also cause harm in other ways; the quicker the investigation the more likely that the work may be incomplete or sloppy. The due process model is more concerned with individual integrity and autonomy. The main purpose of the due process model is to maintain close control over the power of the state. Choongh reported that neither model is effective, this is because the investigations are not thorough enough, court processes are rushed, and prosecutors and law enforcement rush to accusing a person of guilt rather than taking their time and finding the real villain. Henham (1998) provided readers with information about the rights-based approach. The author explained that there is a large need for a rights-based approach to be used for criminals during the sentencing process. Henham feels that the crime control model and the due process model are not adequate. The crime control model is based on repressing criminal activity and maintaining a low crime rate. The due process model focuses mainly the protection of the individual through stressing adherence to courtroom procedures. The rights-based approach is concerned to postulate a number of fundamental normative propositions that have moral, rather than empirical validity. The crime control model and the due process model do not provide adequate choices to criminals when mental health problems are involved, but a rights-based approach would address several areas that the other models do not address. Henham felt that people who suffer from different mental disorders are essentially being discrimin ated against, by not providing for their need. Schrieber, Renneberg, and Macracker (2009) and Tucker, Hasselt, and Russell (2008) all wrote about the criminal justice system, mentally ill patients, and the professionals inadequate training for dealing with the mentally ill. All of the above authors agreed that there is a great need for special training and possibly special crime models that should be used when police are dealing with mentally ill criminals. Recently there has been a rise in the number of cases that law enforcement officials have responded to in which mentally ill individuals were the reason the police were called. Schrieber, Renneberg, and Macracker reported that the criminal justice system is not capable of dealing with offenders who suffer from mental disorders that uncontrollable. Recent studies have shown that law enforcement officials have are generally the first contact with mentally ill suspects in criminal cases, but also in many cases that are not criminal and have to be dealt with through social service programs. The authors reported that the models need to be reorganized so that the criminal justice system will be more sensitive to individuals who suffer from major depression, post traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and psychosis. Rehabilitation is very important for individuals who have these disorders and the treatment that they need is not offered in many of the detainment facilities that criminals are sent to. Klein (2006) wrote about the crime control model. She reported that the crime control model has a very reliable process for screening suspects, and many of the criminals that are charged with crime using this model, will spend time in jail or prison, because the system is so reliable. Klein also wrote about the due process model and how it helps an individual to maintain some autonomy during the criminal justice process. Even though there is room for improvement in the areas of pleading and discovery, Klein supports most of the aspects in each model and the basis behind them. Duff (1998) wrote about the crime control model and the due process model and how the models are viewed in the criminal justice system. Duff reported that the due process model does not agree with the majority of cases in which criminal are sanctioned for their crimes, this is because if the crimes do not involve any harm to others, Duff feels that the criminal should be punished les severely. Roach (1999) provided readers with information about four different models used in the criminal justice system. Roach directed more attention to the due process model and the crime control model. Roach explained Herbert Packer provided professionals with a guide to criminal justice systems by using these models. Both of the authors reported that if the crime control model is used correctly, most criminals plead guilty to the charge or the prosecuting attorney withdrawals the charges. Roach, as well as Duff reported that both models were not only efficient, but also very durable in order to with stand as many years as they have. Edkins (2007) provided readers with information about the due process model and its purpose of helping suspects maintain their individual rights during the criminal justice process. Edkins also provided readers with information about the crime control model and its purpose of making sure that all convicted criminals have harsh punishments. Edkins gave information about seven different studies that were completed which measured attitudes about the due process and crime. Vance and Trani (2008) conducted numerous studies on the crime control model and the due process model. The authors are not in agreement with the crime control model, but they do support the due process model. Vance and Trani reported that both of the models have ethical standards and should be supported across the board, but the in some places, law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys will not support either of the models. The authors reported that there are many reasons for different crime models, some of these purposes are to help catch criminals, detain them, and reduce crime. Arias and Ungar (2009) wrote about Latin Americans and the impact that the two models have on their lifestyle. The authors informed readers that the purpose of the crime control mode is to reduce crime and the purpose of the due process model is to protect individual rights of the accused when it is used as a guide for the criminal justice process. Discussion Due Process The basis of the due process model is formal structure. When used correctly, the due process model protects the rights of suspects accused of various crimes. The due process model reduces many errors that occur during the investigation, arrest, evidence gathering, and trial. Due process does not support much of the evidence that is used in many criminal trials, and there are many reasons and factors for this. Basically, the due process model criticizes every type of evidence except definitive physical evidence that cannot be disputed. The object of looking at evidence in the due process model is deciding what information may be incorrect, falsified, or coerced from an individual. This has occurred on many occasions when other criminals have testified against the suspect, because they may be rewarded with time off of their sentence or other things. Because the main goal of the due process model us to reduce mistakes that can place an innocent person in prison, the process is very slow (Henham, 1998 Klein, 2006). Crime Control The idea of the crime control model is to decrease crime in all areas; for this to be done criminal conduct needs to be drastically reduced. Many of the problems that arise in the crime control model is directed at law enforcement officials. People commit crimes and get away with them, then it may create a higher crime rate because their likely to be more followers. The crime control model directs more attention in investigating, screening people, establishing guilt, seeking harsher punishments for individuals who have committed crimes (Roach, 1999). For the crime control model to work appropriately, the processes must be efficient. Higher arrest and conviction rates need to be seen, as a way of deterring other people from committing crimes. The investigation and arrest process needs to be expedient, so that fewer resources are used on each client. The main purpose of the crime control model is for the there to be enough evidence gathered that the suspects pleads guilty to the charges, and there is no need to waste time, money, or effort on a trial that may last for a unknown amount of time (Duff, 1998). The crime control model utilizes law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys to establish the innocence or guilt of a suspect early during the investigation. Individuals who are most likely guilty of committing such crimes progress through the criminal justice systems with great speed; they either plead guilty to such crimes, or they are found innocent or guilty in a criminal trial. , the less likely to find the evidence needed, and the more money spent on the investigation (Klein, 2006). Similarities and Differences between the Two Models The main goal of the due process model is for individuals to be treated fairly in the criminal justice system, so they will not be deprived anything that they deserve in life of they are innocent. The due process model explains that all individuals have a right to freedom and security, unless they are guilty of committing a crime. The crime control model does not hold an individuals rights in high regard, and feels that criminals should be caught at all cost (Roach, 1999). The crime control model puts a lot of their trust into law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys to complete the criminal investigations. Depending on the amount of work put into the investigation and the quality of the work that is done, many suspects will either plead guilty, therefore there is no trial. Speed and finality two tasks the crime control model looks to complete (Roach, 1999). When people are arrested for a crime, they are seen as innocent until they actually admit to or are convicted of such crimes (Klein, 2006). When dealing with the due process model, policing society in a positive nature becomes a very vital issue. Followers of the crime control model feel that the number of arrests may deter other criminals from committing crimes, by showing them that the criminal justice system does work (Klein, 2006). Much of the population is in favor of the due process model, because of reasons such as equality, human rights, and freedom. Undert the United States Constitution each individual has certain rights, and the due process model helps to maintain and restore these rights (Henham, 1998). Law enforcement agencies generally prefer the crime control model; they treat suspects who are arrested as though they have already been found guilty (Henham, 1998). The due process model protects individuals with the 4th and 8th amendments which address the issues of illegal searches on individuals suspected of crimes, as well as the right not to incriminate ones self (Choongh, 1998). State Court Systems Model of Choice It appears that each of the models are very unique and are used for different purposes. Just as different defense attorneys have different styles and models that they follow, so do law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys. The model that is used is completely up to the individual who is gathering the information and investigating the crime. In an ideal world, the due process model would be the model of choice, because it helps keep the rights of individuals intact, as well as serving its purpose in the criminal justice system. Both the crime control model and the due process model have a positive side as well as a negative. The United States criminal justice system and judicial system has debated the subject of which models are the most beneficial for numerous years, but no common ground has been reached. Two of the main factors that are looked at when making a decision such as this are, which model helps maintain social order, and which model helps reduce the risk of imprisoning innocent individuals. As close as these two factors are related, the answer should be simplistic, however it is not. In the criminal justice system, these factors actually conflict with one another, therefore there is not a common system that came be used for both of the factors. Maintaining and restoring social order is best maintained by the crime control model, whereas protecting individual rights is best maintained by the due process model (Edkins, 2007). The population that law enforcement officials are serving may affect the crime model that they decide to use. Areas with high crime rate may be better served by using the crime control model, whereas areas with less crime may be better served by the due process model. Along with the population, the type of crimes that are being committed may also be a factor in which model is chosen. Areas that suffer from drug trafficking and violence may be best served by using the crime control model, whereas areas that suffer from trespassing and burglaries may be best served by using the due process model. The crime control model implies that law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys act promptly to allegations and investigate them more thoroughly at a later time, but the due process model requires careful consideration in each and every case, prior to arresting individuals (Duff, 1998). Conclusion Both of the models have very different key points. Both of the models have different methods that are used to reach a common goal. If the main goal of the United States Criminal Justice System is to maintain social order and protect the rights of individuals, then there is no way to utilize just one of the two models. The crime control model appears to be the best model used for maintain and restoring order in society. In the ideal world, decisions would not be made in haste. But in order to complete a job and catch certain criminals, then there has to be room for quick decisions, even if it becomes clear that the decisions that were made were wrong. Each state, county, and city has their own way of operating and reducing crime. Unfortunately at times innocent people are brought into the mix, this is a chance that has to be taken in order to have a fully functioning criminal justice system. Scholars have researched for many years how to make the criminal justice system work by following one model, but at this time nobody has been successful in developing such a model. Family: Social Construct And Institution Family: Social Construct And Institution In this essay I intend to discuss the family as a social construct and institution. I will be critically discussing the different forms of the family, and the role of the family within society from four sociological perspectives. The family as a social structure is often taken for granted to mean a married couple with children, possibly incorporating grandparents and directly linked blood relatives. This stereotypical view does not take into account a changing society with changing norms and values. It is important when discussing the family in a sociological context to define the family in a wider perspective. Ferrante (2011) suggests that the family is often described as a social institution that binds people together through various means, blood, marriage, norms and law. According to Zelditch (1964) as cited in Ferrante (2011) there is no concrete group which can be universally identified as the family. Several institutions including political parties, the legal system and the media have been blamed for creating the cereal packet family but not all sociologists agree with what appears to be typical British family. Gittins (1993) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2006) states The ideology of the family would have us believe that there is one type of family, one correct way in which individuals should live and interact with each otherAn ideology that claims that there is only one type of family can never matched in reality, for it represents an ideal to which only some can approximate, an others not at all. During the last century the concept of the family has altered, this is partly due to industrialisation, modernity, changing norms and values and the media. The family can now be seen to have many dimensions, what was considered to be deviant or diverse is often accepted as a norm. Some sociologists argue that during the nineteenth century, post industrialisation, social order, or kinship, a network of relatives (kin) who are connected by common decent or marriage. (Fulcher and Scott 2007) began to alter. Communities that were based on traditional shared values of religion and community changed. Cottage industries began to disappear and families moved from rural areas into towns and cities the nature of the of kinship began to diminish. The economic and social life of this type of family relationship changed, according to Ritzer and Ryan (2011) Rural people were lured by the novelty of city life and the prospects of greater economic opportunity. The domestic economy of the pre-industrial family disappeared. The industrial revolution provided factory work for men leaving the females to take a more prominent role as the caregivers, the family dynamics began to alter creating a major change in the division of labour within the family. Industrialisation was identified by many as having sounded the death knell for this way of life, destroying extended families and undermining communities. (Ogburn 1955 as cited in Gillies 2003). The extended family tends to include generations of family extending both horizontally and vertically including connections my marriage and blood. It is argued by some sociologists that industry has destroyed the traditions of the extended family and the social bonding of kinship, leading to the nuclear family. Talcott Parsons (1949) as cited in Fulcher and Scott (2007) stressed that in the absence of the extended family and kinship, the nuclear family met the needs of a changed society. However Laslett and Wall (1972) as cited in Fulcher and Scott (2007) suggest that the nuclear family has always been the more dominant family type throughout the history of family life. The functionalist approach to the family suggests that the family itself is responsible for ensuring that vital tasks are achieved. Functionalists believe that social institutions such as schools, churches, political systems and the family are all essential to the structure of an effective functioning society and all of these institutions inter relate with each other for the benefit of the whole of society, if one aspect of the structure does not function adequately then society will inevitably experience some form of failure and conflict. Functionalists suggest that the family is one of the most important institutions responsible for the successful raising of a child and parents play a key role in ensuring that children become well integrated within society. Murdock (1949) conducted a study based on two hundred and fifty societies with the aim of discovering if the family was universal. His conclusion was that the nuclear family was a universal social institution that comprised of four basic functions. These he called, sexual relationships, economic cooperation among members, reproduction and the socialisation of infants and children. (Stark, 2010) Murdocks theory has been criticised by many non functionalist sociologists suggesting that his study focussed on the nuclear family and did not take into account other family forms. Gough (1959) argued that Murdocks theory did not take into account societies such as the Nayar, where one woman could have up to twelve potential fathers to a child and a man could have an unlimited amount of wives. Support came from brothers, sisters and children not from potential fathers. This system was based purely on kinship groups. Gough suggests that the existence of the Nayar was not based on economic cooperation between husbands and wives, the socialisation of infants was provided by the women and their kinship groups, and any affectionate relationship between men and women was prohibited. Goughs criticism can be closely compared to family groups in British society today looking at family units that do not meet Murdocks nuclear family theory these families could be single parent families or fami lies consisting of same sex couples. (Bell 1968) Parsons (1959) as cited in Macionis (2012) argued that the family retains two primary functions, these functions are found in all forms of family thought out the world. He suggests that the primary socialisation of children is the first and most important setting for child rearing and parents are in the position to ensure children are able to become well integrated into society and the structuring of the personality in the early years leads to contributing members of society. He acknowledges that family socialisation continues throughout the life cycle but secondary socialisation becomes more dominant as the child develops due to the family being less involved, and agencies such as schools and peer groups become involved. Parsons as cited in Harolambos and Holborn (2008) argued that families are factories which produce human personalities. Parsons second observation of the family was the stabilisation of the adult personality arguing that men and women who have deep personal relationships will lead content and fulfilling lives which in turn will improve family life removing some of the tensions that the family may face such as work and relationships. Marxist sociologists may argue that although family life can be fulfilling and happy the fact that contemporary British society is based on capitalism, which results in exploitation, family members will inevitably be placed under financial strain and tension which can cause problems of discontent and the breakdown of the family unit. Criticisms were that his theory was outdated and based on the ideology of the nuclear family alone. Marxist writers in the 1970s put forward a different perspective of the family they argued that the capitalist system exploits the free domestic labour of the housewife through the domestic division of labour. (Fulcher and Scott 2007). They argue that the concept of the nuclear family promotes the role of the man to be the breadwinner and the woman to be the housewife which has led women, if wanting to work, becoming the reserve army therefore being called upon when required, for example during times of war, according to Marxist theorists the nuclear family provides employers with cheap disposable labour that tends to be less valued than their male counterparts. (Fulcher and Scott 2007) On what foundation of the present family, the bourgeois family based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie The bourgeois claptrap about the family and education, about the hallowed correlation of parent and child, becomes all the more disgusting, the more, by the action of modern industry, all family ties among the proletarians are torn asunder, and their children transformed into simple articles of commerce and instruments of labour. (Marx and Engels, 1848 as cited in Ferrante 2011) Although Marx and Engels seem to be criticising the family and suggesting that the family may be considered as a tool for capitalism they were in fact suggesting that the family should be improved and it was the traditional family types that approved of the exploitation of women and children. According to Marsh and Keating (2006), Engels believed that the family exploited women and children and the end of the exploitation within the family could only be achieved in a communist society. The development of the Marist perspective continued throughout the century and the views of Engles and Marx were applied to a modern capitalist society. Modern Marxists would argue against the functionalists who stress that the purpose of the family is to raise children. Marxists agree that the family has a job but that job is to reproduce the labour power that maintains a capitalist society. It is also suggested that the family is a control mechanism that exerts social control on parents. Living in a highly consumer orientated society, children are often in competition with their peers and parents are in competition with other parents to ensure that their children have the best technology and prospects, the pressure to remain in a competing capitalist society gives the parents little choice but to compete in the workplace and accept capitalism as a norm. The family is thus an integral part of what Marxists call commodity fetishism; it helps to fuel the creation of false needs, which in order to be satisfied, require people to work hard. Mobile phones, laptops, X-boxes; all these frivolous things need to be bought by someone and in western capitalist societies it is now increasingly young people who are an important market. And young people come from, of course, families. (Abbot 2010) Historical changes in society have led to changes in feminist perspectives creating several waves of feminism. Although there are several types of feminist views including Liberal, Socialist, Radical and Marxist they do all share a common belief that women experience a range of social, economic, political and personal difficulties in their lives but they dont all agree on the cause of these difficulties. In general feminists have discarded the Functionalist theories of the nuclear family and suggested that many parents have socialised their children to behave in a manner that is considered to be appropriate to their gender roles. Feminists argue that when children see their parents behaving in their appropriate gender role then the children naturally assume that they should behave in the same way. Females have been shown what is considered to be feminine or female, dependence, obedience, conformity and domesticity and males have been encouraged by parents to be dominant, competitive and independent. (Holburn and Steel 2012) The radical feminist perspective of the family agrees basic concept of the Marxist view suggesting that exploitation is a key aspect of the family, however where Marxists suggest that capitalism plays a key role for the exploitation of women the feminist approach suggests that the division of labour is due to genetic predispositions that women are seen as the carers and are more suitable to child rearing that their male counterparts who are seen as the providers. Feminists argue that in the division of labour is unequal and that the domestic role is unrewarded and undervalued. According to Sheeran (1993) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2007) Marxist and radical feminists argue that the family is both an ideological construct and a repressive, socially produced reality, which helps to perpetuate capitalism and / or patriarchy. Such criticisms are overtly anti family, and argue that women have been forced into taking responsibility for child care by that agent of the state, the patriarc hal family. Morgan (1975) as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (2008) suggests that both functionalist and Marxist approaches, both presuppose a traditional model of the nuclear family where there is a married couple with children, where the husband is the breadwinner and where the wife stays at home to deal with the housework. The Interactionist approach is seen to be quite different and works at a micro level rather than the macro level like the previous perspectives. Symbolic interactionism has been an important theoretical perspective in family studies since its early development in the 1920s and 1930s. Symbolic interaction theory describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. LaRossa and Reitzes (1993) as cited in International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family (2003). Interactionists suggest that families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds through the use of rituals. Some social scientists believe that rituals like gathering together for a family meal or the ritual of marriage using symbols to reinforce the bonds this can be seen as a source of family strength and if families preserve rituals then children will become more emotionally equipped to face problems in the future. (Hughes and Kroehler 2011). Critics stress that symbolic interactionism only looks at the micro level and that this perspective does not take into account larger issues of society. The New Right perspective of the family was born from functionalist ideology and supports the theory that the nuclear family is the only type of family that works effectively within British society. Between the 1950s and the 1990s the nuclear family began to alter, families were no longer perceived to be seen in the traditional stereotypical sense, families were becoming more diverse partly due to changes in the law, abortions were legalised, homosexuality decriminalised and the introduction of legislation such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act was introduced. New types of families were emerging. Single parent families, reconstituted families, individuals that cohabitated and the formation of same sex relationships that may or may not have had children from previous relationships. The New Right believe that the lack of traditional family and values and diversity has corrupted society. Lone parents were blamed for wayward children suggesting that without a male and f emale parent residing within the family unit then children would not be able to function as contributing members of society. Critics of the New Right suggest that by suggesting that the nuclear family is the only family that works for the benefit of society it ignores the dark side of the family issues such as domestic abuse and by trying to impress that the nuclear family is the superior and morally correct route it creates a them and us situation which can lead to discrimination, persecution and ultimately suggests that other family types are not families at all.(Yorkshire 2011) According to the Office for National Statistics (2011) between 2001 and 2010 families by type have altered slightly to show that there has been a slight increase in the alternative family and a slight decrease in what is considered to be the nuclear family. As the Office of National Statistics now take into account Civil Partnerships as legitimate families the figures reflect a more accurate account of the makeup of the ever changing British family however the categories in which families are assigned do not represent a true picture of the family as it fails to differentiate between reconstituted and nuclear families, while the minority groups such as civil partnership couples and lone parents have been allocated a category of their own. According to Morgan (1994) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2006) We cannot speak of the family as if it were a static and changing thing. Rather it is better to use the word as signifying the character of a complex series of processes over timewe should speak of family processes, family living or family life courses. In this way we will come to recognise that family life is always subject to change and variation that change is at the very heart of family living As society changes with time it can be argued that the family will alter and perceptions of the family from influences such as the media and politics will change the ideology. Although the school of thought may differ depending on what perspective is applied it appears that the family plays an important role within British society, it is important to recognise that without understanding the family it makes it difficult to understand problems that may arise such as domestic violence and child abuse and how they are interpreted as private troubles or public issues.